MYCOTOXICOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INFANT FLOUR MARKETED IN SOUTH-WEST OF ALGERIA AND ANTI-MYCOTOXIN EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v12i3.12Keywords:
Infant flour; mycotoxins; Anethum graveolens L.; anti-mycotoxin activity.Abstract
The current work focuses on a mycotoxicological study and the control of the physicochemical quality of infantile flours marketed in the city of Bechar in the South-West of Algeria, thus aiming to study phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and efficacy of the anti-mycotoxin effect of the aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens L. The mycotoxicological analysis revealed that the first sample of the infant flour type I (FIT I/E1) is unsatisfactory product with a contamination rate 12.54 × 103 UF/g whose 40% of Aspergillus flavus strains isolated are producers of aflatoxin B1 and 50% of A ochraceus are producers of ochratoxin A. The aqueous extract of A graveolens L. showed significant anti-mycotoxin activity, A flavus was inhibited from a minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of 300 μg/ml and A ochraceus at 650 μg/ml. The total phenol content is also determined for extract. The antioxidant activitie was estimated and the aqueous extract showed a good scavenging activity with a concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) value of 0,14±0,31 mg/ml.
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[30] Mushtaq M, Sultana B, Anwar F, Zargham Khan M, Ashrafuzzaman M. Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Selected Processed Foods from Pakistan, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(7): 8324-8337.
[31] Juan C, Raiola A, Mañes J, Ritieni A. Presence of mycotoxin in commercial infant formulas and baby foods from Italian market, Food Control, 2014, 39, 227-236.
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[33] Ul Hassan Z, Al Thani R, AAtia F, Al Meer S, Migheli Q, Jaoua S. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial formula milk and cereal-based baby food on the Qatar market, Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 2018, 11(3):191-197.
[34] Nguyen MT, Tozlovanu M, Tran TL, Pfohl-Leszkowiczb A. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam, Food Chemistry, 2007, 105(1):42-47.
[35] Isbilir SS, Sagiroglu A. Antioxidant Potential of Different Dill (Anethum Graveolens L.) Leaf Extracts, International Journal of Food Properties, 2011, 14:894–902.
[36] El Mansouri L, Bousta D, Balouiri M, Ouedrhiri W, Elyoubi-El Hamsas A. Antioxidant activity of aqueous seed extract of Anethum graveolens L. IJPSR, 2016, 7(3): 1219-1223.
[37] Oshaghi EA, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Goodarzi MT. Aqueous Extract of Anethum Graveolens L. has Potential Antioxidant and Antiglycation Effects, Iran J Med Sci. 2016, 41(4): 328–333.
[38] Stanojević LP, Stanković MZ, Juma A. Antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from dill fruit (Anethi fructus) obtained by different extraction techniques. Advanced technologies, 2016, 5(2): 46-52.
[39] Hristov A, Oh J, Firkins J, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Waghorn G, Makkar HP, Adesogan AT, Yang W, Lee C, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Tricarico JM. Special topics Mitig ation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(11): 5045-5069.
[40] Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract, Food Chemistry, 2007, 103 (2): 381-388.
[41] Thanaboripat D, Nontabenjawan K, Leesin K, Teerapiannont D, Sukcharoen O, Ruangrattanamatee R. Inhibitory effects of garlic, clove and carrot on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production. Journal of Forestry Research, 1997, 8, 39–42.
[42] Bhatnagar D, McCormick SP. The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of the American Oil Chemical Society, 1988, 65, 1166–1168.
[43] Hua SS, Grosjean OK, Baker JL. Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by phenolic compounds Lett Appl Microbiol, 1999, 29(5):289-91.
[44] Ghorbanian M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Allameh A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Qorbani M. Study on the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) leaf extract on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin by it at different incubation times. Mycoses, 2008, 51(1):35-9.
[2] Pitt JI, Basilico JC, Abarca ML, López C. Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi. Medical mycology. 2000, 38: 41-46.
[3] Khaldi A, Meddah B, Moussaoui A, Sonnet P. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Anethum graveolens L. from South-western Algeria (Bechar). J. Chem. Pharm. Res, 2015, 7(9): 615-620.
[4] Bertrand R, Valiquette C. Pratique de l'analyse statistique des données : Concepts de l’analyse confirmatoire, PUQ, Chapitre 4, 1986, pp 141-204.
[5] Référentiel normatif Algérien (NA) 1133. Céréales et produits céréaliers- Détermination de la teneur en eau- Méthode pratique (avec ou sans broyage et conditionnement). 2009.
[6] AFNOR (Association Française de Normalisation). Recueil de normes françaises. Laits et produits laitiers. Méthodes d'analyse. Normalisation française, ed paris, 1980, 286 p.
[7] Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Pebers PA and Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem, 1956, 28, p: 350-356.
[8] Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO) 1871. Produits alimentaires et aliments des animaux : Lignes directrices générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl. Edition 2, ISO/TC 34 Produits alimentaires, 2009, 8 p.
[9] Khosravi1 AR, Dakhili M, Hojjatollah S. Mycological Survey on Feed Ingredients and Mixed Animal Feeds in Ghom Province, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2008, 7 (1): 31-34.
[10] Hannin S, Hassikou K, Benkirane R, Ouazzani TA, Douira A. Étude de l’état sanitaire des semences du riz, Actes Inst. Agron. vet, Maroc. 2002, 23 (2-3): 127-134.
[11] Haris C. Introduction to modern microbiology black wall scientific publication. 1989, pp 179.
[12] Barnett HL, Hunter BB. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 3rd Edition, Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, 1972, 241 p.
[13] Pitt JI. An appraisal of identification methods for Penicillium species. Novel taxonomic criteria based on temperature and water relations. Mycology. 1973, 65, pp 1135-1157.
[14] Ramirez C. Manual and Atlas of Penicillia. New York (USA), Elsevier biomedical psers, 1982, 874 p.
[15] Davis ND, Diener UL, Eldridge, DW. Production of Aflatoxins B1 and G1 by Aspergillus flavus in a Semisynthetic Medium, Applied Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology. 1966, 14(3): 378–380.
[16] Frayssinet C, Cahagnier B. Recherché et dosage des toxines dans les grains et graines et produits dérivés : céréales, oléagineux, protéagineux, aliments pour animaux. Paris : technique et documentation (Lavoisier). 1982, pp 558-559.
[17] Khaldi A, Meddah B, Moussaoui A, Sonnet P. Anti-mycotoxin Effect and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. on Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus. JEOP, 2017, 20 (1): 36-44.
[18] Betina V. Chromatography of mycotoxins techniques and applications, Journal of chromatography library, Elsevier science 1st edition, 1993, 433 p.
[19] Oomah BD, Caspar F, Malcolmson LJ, Bellidoc AS. Phenolics and antioxidant activity of lentil and pea hulls. Food Research International. 2010, 44: 436-441.
[20] Obiang-Obounou BW, Ryu GH. The effect of feed moisture and temperature on tannin content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extruded chestnuts. Food Chem, 2013, 141: 4166–4170.
[21] Ksouri A, Dob T, Belkebir A, Lamari L. Total Phenolic, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities and Cytotoxicity Study of Wild Anethum graveolens L. IJPPR, 2015, 7 (6) : 1025-1032.
[22] Cahagnier B. Qualité microbiologique des grains et teneurs en ergostérol. Cahier Scientifiques et Techniques, Jan. Fév. 1998, pp 5-15.
[23] Reboux G. Mycotoxins: health effects and relationship to other organic compounds. Revue française d’allergologie et d’immunologie clinique. 2006, 46, 208–212.
[24] Godon B, Willm C. Les industries de première transformation des céréales (2° tirage) collection STAA, Tec & Doc, 1998, 680 p.
[25] Codex Stan. Norme codex pour les aliments traités à base de céréales pour nourrissons et enfants en bas âge. Codex Stan, 1981, 74-1981. 7 p.
[26] Jora. Arrêté interministériel du 2 Moharram 1438 correspondant au 4 oct 2016 fixant les critères microbiologiques des denrées alimentaires. Aliments pour nourrissons et enfants en bas âge, journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 2017, N° 39, 22 p.
[27] Le bars J, Le Bars P. Les moisissures des denrées alimentaires et leurs conséquences. Conférence « Section Midi –Pyrénées » cf. bulletin de l’association des anciens élèves de l’institut pasteur, 4eme trimestre, 1987.
[28] Berthier J, Valla G. Mycotoxines et Aliments : du Risque à la Prévention. Laboratoire de Mycologie : Biosystématique et Nuisances Fongiques. Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, 1998, pp 05-20.
[29] Alvito PC, Sizoo EA, Almeida CMM, Van Egmond HP. Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Baby Foods in Portugal, Food analytical methods, 2010, 3 (1): 22-30.
[30] Mushtaq M, Sultana B, Anwar F, Zargham Khan M, Ashrafuzzaman M. Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Selected Processed Foods from Pakistan, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(7): 8324-8337.
[31] Juan C, Raiola A, Mañes J, Ritieni A. Presence of mycotoxin in commercial infant formulas and baby foods from Italian market, Food Control, 2014, 39, 227-236.
[32] Ware LY, Durand N, Nikiema PA, Alter P, Fontana A, Montet D, Barro N. Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial infant formulas locally produced in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), Food Control, 2017, 73, 518-523.
[33] Ul Hassan Z, Al Thani R, AAtia F, Al Meer S, Migheli Q, Jaoua S. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial formula milk and cereal-based baby food on the Qatar market, Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 2018, 11(3):191-197.
[34] Nguyen MT, Tozlovanu M, Tran TL, Pfohl-Leszkowiczb A. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam, Food Chemistry, 2007, 105(1):42-47.
[35] Isbilir SS, Sagiroglu A. Antioxidant Potential of Different Dill (Anethum Graveolens L.) Leaf Extracts, International Journal of Food Properties, 2011, 14:894–902.
[36] El Mansouri L, Bousta D, Balouiri M, Ouedrhiri W, Elyoubi-El Hamsas A. Antioxidant activity of aqueous seed extract of Anethum graveolens L. IJPSR, 2016, 7(3): 1219-1223.
[37] Oshaghi EA, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Goodarzi MT. Aqueous Extract of Anethum Graveolens L. has Potential Antioxidant and Antiglycation Effects, Iran J Med Sci. 2016, 41(4): 328–333.
[38] Stanojević LP, Stanković MZ, Juma A. Antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from dill fruit (Anethi fructus) obtained by different extraction techniques. Advanced technologies, 2016, 5(2): 46-52.
[39] Hristov A, Oh J, Firkins J, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Waghorn G, Makkar HP, Adesogan AT, Yang W, Lee C, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Tricarico JM. Special topics Mitig ation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(11): 5045-5069.
[40] Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract, Food Chemistry, 2007, 103 (2): 381-388.
[41] Thanaboripat D, Nontabenjawan K, Leesin K, Teerapiannont D, Sukcharoen O, Ruangrattanamatee R. Inhibitory effects of garlic, clove and carrot on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production. Journal of Forestry Research, 1997, 8, 39–42.
[42] Bhatnagar D, McCormick SP. The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of the American Oil Chemical Society, 1988, 65, 1166–1168.
[43] Hua SS, Grosjean OK, Baker JL. Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by phenolic compounds Lett Appl Microbiol, 1999, 29(5):289-91.
[44] Ghorbanian M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Allameh A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Qorbani M. Study on the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) leaf extract on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin by it at different incubation times. Mycoses, 2008, 51(1):35-9.
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Published
2020-08-15
How to Cite
KHALDI, A.; MOUSSAOUI, A.; MEDDAH, B. MYCOTOXICOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INFANT FLOUR MARKETED IN SOUTH-WEST OF ALGERIA AND ANTI-MYCOTOXIN EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, [S. l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 1171–1189, 2020. DOI: 10.4314/jfas.v12i3.12. Disponível em: https://jfas.info/index.php/JFAS/article/view/427. Acesso em: 30 oct. 2025.
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