QUALITIES OF THE GREEN LANDSCAPE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, DEFICIENCIES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HEALTH OF THE PUPILS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v13i2.25Keywords:
Green Landscape, Hardscapes, Health, Softscape, Pupils, SchoolAbstract
The aim of this research is to analyze and demonstrate the deficiencies and opportunities of the green landscape in primary schools, Kigali, Rwanda. Despite the recent research on significant positive effects of green spaces on public health such as mental, physical, and social, the landscape design with green elements has less taken into account as a priority in schools. The methodology of this research was based on the qualitative method by applying structured observation, photography, and site analysis techniques. The findings identify that the schools face the deficiencies to apply hardscape, softscape, and interaction of the pupils with the green spaces. Despite the open spaces in the schools for design as great opportunities, the deficiencies of hardscape, softscape, and limited accessibility of the pupils to the green spaces could influence the general health of the users.
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References
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[35] L. KatrinX, L. Verena and M. Susanne, "Landscape assessment and evaluation of young people: comparing nature-oriented habitat and engineered habitat preferences.," (2011). Journal of Environment and Behaviour, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 86-112, 2011.
[36] D. G. Martin and A. Scherr, "Lawyering Landscapes: Lawyers as Constituents of Landscape," Landscape Research, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 379-393, 2005.
[37] X. Ren, "Consensus in factors affecting landscape preference: A case study based on a cross-cultural comparison," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. In press, p. 109622, 2019.
[38] A. Madanipour, "Ephemeral landscape and urban shrinkage," Landscape Research, vol. 42, pp. 795-805, 2017.
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[46] R. Sampson and S. M. Gifford, "Place-making, settlement and well-being: The therapeutic landscapes of recently arrived youth with refugee backgrounds," Health & Place, vol. 16, pp. 116-131, 2010.
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[52] R. Tafahomi, "Application of Physical and Nonphysical Elements in the Conservation of Historic Core of City," South African Journal of Geomatics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 75-86, February 2021.
[53] R. Mugerauer, Interpreting Environments: Tradition, Deconstruction, Hermeneutics, Texas: University of Texas, 1995.
[54] C. Moughtin and P. Shirley, Urban Design: Green Dimensions, 2 edition-Kindle Edition ed., Oxford: Architectural Press, 2006.
[55] A. Palea, G. Ciobanu and A. Kilyeni, "Educational Skills in Training Landscape Architecture Students: Developing Communication Skills," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 46, pp. 4672-4677, 2012.
[56] N. Othman, N. Mohamed and H. M. Ariffin, "Landscape Aesthetic Values and Visiting Performance in Natural Outdoor Environment," in ASEAN-Turkey ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) Conference on Quality of Life 2014, ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, AQoL2014, 26-28 December 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey, 2015.
[57] B. Chen, O. A. Adimo and Z. Bao, "Assessment of aesthetic quality and multiple functions of urban green space from the users’ perspective: The case of Hangzhou Flower Garden, China," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 93, pp. 76-82, 2009.
[2] A. P. A. APA, Planning and Urban Design Standards, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2006.
[3] R. Ballantyne, J. Packer and L. A. Sutherland, "Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism: implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences," Tour Manag, vol. 32, p. 770–779, 2011.
[4] K. Biedenweg, K. Williams, L. Cerveny and D. Styers, "Is recreation a landscape value?: Exploring underlying values in landscape values mapping," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 185, pp. 24-27, 2019.
[5] S. M. Ali, K. Rostam and A. H. Awang, "School Landscape Environments in Assisting the Learning Process and in Appreciating the Natural Environment," in ASEAN-Turkey ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) Conference on Quality of Life 2014, ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, AQoL2014, 26-28 December 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey, 2015.
[6] J. S. Atherton, "Teaching in Learning: Physical Layout," 2005.
[7] K. H. Anthony and N. J. Watkins, "Exploring Pathology: Relationships between Clinical and Environmental Psychology," in Handbook of Environmental Psychology, R. B. Bechtel and A. Churchman, Eds., New York, Environmental Psychology, 2002, pp. 129-147.
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[9] B.-B. Zhou, J. Wu and J. M. Anderies, "Sustainable landscapes and landscape sustainability: A tale of two concepts," https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.005Get rights and content, vol. 189, pp. 274-284, 2019.
[10] W. M. El-Bardisy, M. Fahmy and G. F. El-Gohary, "School Landscape Environments in Assisting the Learning Process and in Appreciating the Natural Environment," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 202, pp. 189-198, 2015.
[11] N. Fagerholm, M. Torralba, G. Moreno, M. Girardello, F. Herzog, S. Aviron, P. Burgess, J. Crous-Duran, N. Ferreiro-Domínguez, A. Graves, T. Hartel, V. Măcicăsan, S. Kay, A. Pantera, A. Varga and T. Plieninger, "Cross-site analysis of perceived ecosystem service benefits in multifunctional landscapes," Global Environmental Change, vol. 56, pp. 134-147, 2019.
[12] C. Ward Thompson, P. Aspinall and A. Montarzino, "The Childhood Factor Adult Visits to Green Places and the Significance of Childhood Experience," Environment and Behavior, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 111-143, 2008 .
[13] R. Tafahomi and R. Nadi, "Insight into the missing aspects of therapeutic landscape in psychological centers in Kigali, Rwanda," Cities & Health, pp. 1-14, 2020.
[14] W. M. El-Bardisy, M. Fahmy and G. F. El-Gohary, "Climatic Sensitive Landscape Design: Towards a Better Microclimate through Plantation in Public Schools, Cairo, Egypt," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 216, pp. 206-216, 2016.
[15] D. Li, B. Deal, X. Zhou, M. Slavenas and W. C. Sullivan, "Moving beyond the neighborhood: Daily exposure to nature and adolescents’ mood," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 137, pp. 33-43, 2018.
[16] D. Li and W. C. Sullivan, "Impact of views to school landscapes on recovery from stress and mental fatigue," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 148, pp. 149-158, 2019.
[17] R. H. Matsuoka, "Student performance and high school landscapes: Examining the links," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 273-282, 2010.
[18] C. B. Hodson and H. A. Sander, "Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 160, pp. 16-27, 2017.
[19] B. Jianga, C.-Y. Chang and W. C. Sullivan, "A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 132, pp. 26-36, 2014.
[20] P. J. Lindal and T. Hartig, "Effects of urban street vegetation on judgments of restoration likelihood," Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 200-209, 2015.
[21] A. Kerebel, N. Gélinas, S. Déry, B. Voigt and A. Munson, "Landscape aesthetic modelling using Bayesian networks: Conceptual framework and participatory indicator weighting," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 185, pp. 258-271, 2019.
[22] H. Ke-Tsung, "Influence of Limitedly Visible Leafy Indoor Plants on the Psychology, Behavior, and Health of Students at a Junior High School in Taiwan," Environment and Behavior, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 658-692, 2009.
[23] W. E. Dramstad, M. S. Tveit, W. J. Fjellstad and A. Fry, "Relationships between visual landscape preferences and map-based indicators of landscape structure," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 78, p. 465–474, 2006.
[24] DCLGL, "The English Indices of Deprivation 2015, Neighbourhoods Statistical Release," Department for Communities and Local Government, London, London, 2015.
[25] WHO, " Urban green spaces and health – a review of the evidence," 2016.
[26] J. Muvengwiab, A. Kwendab, M. Mbibacb and T. Mpindub, "The role of urban schools in biodiversity conservation across an urban landscape," Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 43, p. 126370, 2019.
[27] C. Craig, "Characterizing the human experience of reform in an urban middle-school context," Journal of Curriculum Studies, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 627-648, 2003.
[28] C. D. Ward, C. M. Parker and C. M. Shackleton, "The use and appreciation of Botanical Gardens as urban green spaces in South Africa," Urban Forestry and Urban Greening , vol. 9, pp. 49-55, 2010.
[29] Z. Liu, C. H, Y. Yang and Z. Fang, "Planning sustainable urban landscape under the stress of climate change in the drylands of northern China: A scenario analysis based on LUSD-urban model," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. in press, p. 118709, 2019.
[30] C. Bräunigerab, S. Knapp, I. Kühna and S. Klotza, "Testing taxonomic and landscape surrogates for biodiversity in an urban setting," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 283-295, 2010.
[31] I. D. Wolf and T. Wohlfart, "Walking, hiking and running in parks: A multidisciplinary assessment of health and well-being benefits," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 130, pp. 89-103, 2014.
[32] M. Mears, P. Brindley, A. Jorgensen, E. Ersoy and R. Maheswaran, "Greenspace spatial characteristics and human health in an urban environment: An epidemiological study using landscape metrics in Sheffield, UK," Ecological Indicators, vol. 106, pp. 54-64, 2019.
[33] S. W. Filor, "Notions, philosophies and definitions of landscape planning and landscape design The nature of landscape design and design process," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 30, pp. 121-129, 1994.
[34] B. Tsunetsugu, "Shirinyoku: Taking in the forest atmosphere and forest bathing in Japan," Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, vol. 151, pp. 27-37, 2010.
[35] L. KatrinX, L. Verena and M. Susanne, "Landscape assessment and evaluation of young people: comparing nature-oriented habitat and engineered habitat preferences.," (2011). Journal of Environment and Behaviour, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 86-112, 2011.
[36] D. G. Martin and A. Scherr, "Lawyering Landscapes: Lawyers as Constituents of Landscape," Landscape Research, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 379-393, 2005.
[37] X. Ren, "Consensus in factors affecting landscape preference: A case study based on a cross-cultural comparison," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. In press, p. 109622, 2019.
[38] A. Madanipour, "Ephemeral landscape and urban shrinkage," Landscape Research, vol. 42, pp. 795-805, 2017.
[39] L. Groat and D. Wang, Architectural Research Methods,, New York: John Wiley & Sons INC, 2002.
[40] W. L. Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches,, London: Pearson Education, Ink, Fifth Edition, 2006.
[41] E. D. Niezabitowska, Research Methods and Techniques in Architecture, 1st Edition ed., New York: Routledger, 2018.
[42] G. Miller, R. Dingwall and E. Morphy, Using Qualitative Data and Analysis. In D. Silverman, Qualitative Research: Theory, Method, and Practice (2nd ed., pp. 325-341), London: Sage Publications., 2004.
[43] R. Tafahomi and R. Nadi, "Derivation of a Design Solution for the Conservation of a Historical Payab in the Redevelopment of Doloeei, Gonabad," International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020.
[44] O. Georgoula, A. Stamnas, P. Patias, C. Georgiadis and V. Fragkoulidou, "Historical coastal urban landscapes digital documentation and temporal study with 2D/3D modeling functionality: The case of Thessaloniki, Greece," Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 396-402, 2013.
[45] R. Tafahomi and R. Nadi, "Dehistoricisation the Urban Landscape through Transition of the Enclosure Ratio in Urban Fabric of Gonabad City in Iran," J Archit Eng Tech, vol. Volume 5, no. Issue 2, 2016.
[46] R. Sampson and S. M. Gifford, "Place-making, settlement and well-being: The therapeutic landscapes of recently arrived youth with refugee backgrounds," Health & Place, vol. 16, pp. 116-131, 2010.
[47] G. Cullen, the Concise Townscape, New York: Architectural Press, 1961.
[48] R. Regis, "Sketchbook: Piazza di Spagna, Rome," in Time Saver Standards for urban Design, New York, Mc Grow Hill, 2003, pp. 441-448.
[49] P. D. Sperlregen, "Making as Visual Survey," in Time Saver Standards for urban Design, New York, Mc Grow Hill, 2003, pp. 431-440.
[50] P. Laseau, Graphic Thinking for Architects and Designers, 3th ed., New York: Wiley, 2000.
[51] F. D. Ching, DESIGN DRAWING, 2th ed., New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.
[52] R. Tafahomi, "Application of Physical and Nonphysical Elements in the Conservation of Historic Core of City," South African Journal of Geomatics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 75-86, February 2021.
[53] R. Mugerauer, Interpreting Environments: Tradition, Deconstruction, Hermeneutics, Texas: University of Texas, 1995.
[54] C. Moughtin and P. Shirley, Urban Design: Green Dimensions, 2 edition-Kindle Edition ed., Oxford: Architectural Press, 2006.
[55] A. Palea, G. Ciobanu and A. Kilyeni, "Educational Skills in Training Landscape Architecture Students: Developing Communication Skills," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 46, pp. 4672-4677, 2012.
[56] N. Othman, N. Mohamed and H. M. Ariffin, "Landscape Aesthetic Values and Visiting Performance in Natural Outdoor Environment," in ASEAN-Turkey ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) Conference on Quality of Life 2014, ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, AQoL2014, 26-28 December 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey, 2015.
[57] B. Chen, O. A. Adimo and Z. Bao, "Assessment of aesthetic quality and multiple functions of urban green space from the users’ perspective: The case of Hangzhou Flower Garden, China," Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 93, pp. 76-82, 2009.
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Published
2021-04-26
How to Cite
TAFAHOMI, R. QUALITIES OF THE GREEN LANDSCAPE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, DEFICIENCIES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HEALTH OF THE PUPILS. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 2, p. 1093–1116, 2021. DOI: 10.4314/jfas.v13i2.25. Disponível em: https://jfas.info/index.php/JFAS/article/view/724. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2025.
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